Logic

High school (ages 12+)
Thinking & Learning

Name:

Date:

Step 1 · Read the article

Open the article and read it at the level above. Then answer the questions below in your own words.

https://smallwhale.org/articles/logic

Write what each word means, using the article.

Do not copy the article. Write two things you learned, the way you would explain them to a friend.

Answers below are taken from the article’s stored facts, so they match what the student read.

1. What is the formal systems?Includes propositional logic, predicate logic, modal logic, and temporal logic
2. What is the foundational figures?Aristotle, George Boole, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead
3. Why is logic important in science and math?In science, logic guides experiments and helps us understand data. In math, it is the base for proving theorems and building new ideas.
4. What is the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning?Deductive reasoning starts with a general rule and moves to a specific conclusion that must be true if the rule is true. Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and builds a likely general idea, but it is not guaranteed.

Validity: An argument is valid if its conclusion logically follows from its premises, regardless of their truth.
Soundness: An argument is sound if it is valid and all of its premises are true.
Fallacy: A mistaken belief or unsound argument that appears to be valid but is not.